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- levensondaniel
- 19 minutes ago
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The Global Network on Extremism and Terrorism
23rd October 2025 In Insights
Terrorist and Violent Extremist (TVE) actors are known as early adopters of emerging technologies. There is growing evidence that TVEs have used AI, for instance, to translate manifestos into various languages, create propaganda images, and mask TVE content to avoid detection. TVE actors are also exploring the use of AI chatbots as synthetic actors that foster radicalisation in human-AI interactions. While the majority of these uses remain explorative for now, the capacity of AI to cause significant harm when adopted by malicious actors is difficult to deny.
However, despite extensive warnings about the risk of malicious use of AI, policy and legal frameworks continue to lag behind the rapid adaptation of the technology by TVEs. This lag is not just a matter of slow regulation, but of the way policy, technology, and organisational practices entangle, making progress and straightforward fixes difficult. Jackson, Gillespie, and Payette have described this as a “policy knot,” where institutional silos, conflicting incentives, and fragmented governance slow coordinated action (p. 589). This means that, in practice, regulation and decisive action often arrive only after the harms have already materialised. Policy is designed “after the fact” rather than in anticipation (p. 529). For PCVE, this is a problem, as it leaves gaps that TVEs can exploit.
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